Computing Atlas

How Computing Was Built
Fields

Operating Systems

Also Known As OS

Citation Formats

General Reference

APA Style

BibTeX

Operating Systems studies the software layer that manages a computer's hardware on behalf of the programs running on it: scheduling the processor among competing tasks, managing memory, and controlling access to storage and peripheral devices. Early computers ran one program at a time with an operator loading each job by hand; the field's central advances, batch processing, time sharing and later multitasking, were each a way of keeping increasingly expensive hardware busier and more programs running at once.

Facts
Disputed
Origin Year
1956
Historians differ on which early batch monitor counts as the first operating system; the GM NAA I O system built for General Motors and North American Aviation in 1956 is commonly cited as an early example, but simpler loader and monitor programs existed before it and the field has no single agreed starting point.
Core Concern
How software manages a computer's processor, memory and devices on behalf of the programs that run on it. 1
Cross-Tradition Connections

Includes

C, Languages
Linux, Systems
Multics, Systems
Source Wikipedia: Multics
Unix, Systems
Sources
1. Computer: A History of the Information Machine
Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, Basic Books, 1996
Wikipedia: Operating System
Wikimedia FoundationLead section
Quote, Lead section
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
View the Source
Computer History Museum
Computer History MuseumIncludes: Dennis RitchieView the Source
Computer History Museum
Computer History MuseumIncludes: Ken ThompsonView the Source
Computer History Museum
Computer History MuseumIncludes: CView the Source
Computer History Museum
Computer History MuseumIncludes: UnixView the Source
Wikipedia: Multics
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: MulticsView the Source
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